The Fernandina's Flicker (Colaptes fernandinae) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family. Endemic to Cuba, its small population of 600"?800 birds makes it one of the most endangered species of woodpecker in the world; only the possibly-extinct Ivory-billed Woodpecker is known to have a smaller population. The Fernandina's Flicker is threatened by habitat loss.

Description

The Fernandina's Flicker is a medium-sized woodpecker, ranging in length from 14"?15 inches (33"?35 cm). Overall, it is mostly yellowish-tan, covered with varying amounts of black barring; its underwings are yellow. The male has a black moustachial stripe, which the female lacks.

Distribution and habitat

The Fernandina's Flicker is endemic to Cuba. Though it was apparently never common, it was formerly found across the island. Now, however, it is restricted to isolated locations in nine of the country's 15 provinces: Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Granma, Holguín, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Río, Santiago de Cuba, and Villa Clara. The largest population is found in Zapata Swamp, where some 120 pairs are estimated to live, though this number may have dropped following recent hurricanes.

The flicker's natural habitats include subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, swamps, and pastureland.

Behavior

Though not a particularly social bird, the Fernandina's Flicker will sometimes form loose colonies of up to 15 pairs. It regularly fights with other woodpeckers.

Feeding

Like its congeners, the Fernandina's Flicker often forages"?primarily for ants, but also for other insects, worms, grubs and seeds"?on the ground. It uses its strong bill to probe the ground, and flick aside leaf litter.

Breeding

The Fernandina's Flicker breeds between March and June; during courtship, pairs regularly engage in high-flying chases. Like all woodpeckers, it is a cavity nester. Recent fieldwork has shown that it prefers to use nest holes started by West Indian Woodpeckers; the flicker usurps the original owners, finishes off the excavation work, and moves in. The female lays a clutch of three to five white eggs, which are incubated for a period of about 18 days. Young fledge after 22 days.

Voice

Though it is regularly silent, the flicker's calls include a repeated wicka (the onomatopoeic sound which gives the genus its common name), and a loud series of pic notes.

Conservation

With an estimated population of only 600"?800 birds, the Fernandina's Flicker is one of the most endangered woodpeckers in the world. Overall, that population is declining, principally because of habitat loss. Farming, logging, hurricane damage and the caged bird trade"?trappers bring down whole palm trees in order to capture nestling parrots"?are combining to squeeze the remaining birds into smaller and smaller isolated tracts. In addition, West Indian Woodpeckers have been observed killing the chicks of Fernandina's Flickers.

Sources

Citations

1. ^ a b c d "BirdLife International Species factsheet: Colaptes fernandinae". BirdLife International. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Leonard, Pat (Summer 2007). "Fernandina's Flicker: Flashy flickers are few and far between". BirdScope 21 (3): 20. 
3. ^ a b c d e Raffaele, Herbert; James Wiley, Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith & Janis Raffaele (1998). A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, 349. ISBN 0-691-08736-9. 
4. ^ a b Winkler & Christie 2002, p. 514
5. ^ Mitchell, Andy; Lyn Wells. "The threatened birds of Cuba project report". Cotinga 7 (1): 69"?71. 
6. ^ a b Wechsler, Doug (Mar-Apr 1998). "Dark times for Cuba's Sabal palms - endangered trees of Zapata Swamp". International Wildlife.